Göbeklitepe (Şanlıurfa, Turkey)

Göbeklitepe, one of the world’s most visited sites, is situated within the province of Şanlıurfa in south-eastern Turkey. As this archaeological site contains the oldest monumental structures in human history (9600–9500 BC), it is regarded as the world’s oldest known temple complex. Göbeklitepe represents a discovery that has completely reshaped our understanding of the early periods of human history and is therefore described as a centre that sheds light on the dawn of world history.

The existence of Göbeklitepe was discovered by the German archaeologist Dr Klaus Schmidt. Excavations were first initiated by him in 1994. However, the true significance of the site became more widely understood in the early 2000s. Schmidt and his team uncovered the stone structures in the area and conducted systematic excavations of these structures. Excavations to date have uncovered elements such as structures, stones, stone tools and animal figures dating back 12,000 years. Excavations are still ongoing, with new discoveries being made every year. All these past and future studies will enable us to gain further insight into the early periods of human history.

Göbeklitepe was designed as a large temple complex covering an area of approximately 20 hectares and contains numerous large stone structures. The stones generally consist of T-shaped upright columns. Some of them are even 5–6 metres high. These stones, each weighing up to 10 tonnes, appear, curiously enough, to have been transported from very distant locations. The absence of a quarry in the region suggests that the stones may have been brought from elsewhere. Indeed, it is estimated that some stones were transported from a distance of approximately 100 kilometres. In an era when agriculture had not yet begun, constructing such colossal structures serves as evidence of just how organised and advanced the society was. The people appear to have possessed highly advanced engineering knowledge regarding the processing and transport of stones. It is believed that the technology used there far exceeded that available to people of that era.

The largest temples were constructed in the form of circular structures. These structures consist of columns placed around large stone blocks. It is thought that visitors gathered in these areas to perform rituals. The purpose of these ceremonies may have been to pray to the ancient gods, to celebrate the people’s relationship with nature, or to perform rituals related to cosmological events. It is thought that the figures seen on some stones may symbolise people’s relationship with the sky and other cosmological elements. In particular, it is assumed that certain symbols point to the zodiac constellations and star clusters. Furthermore, the structures at Göbeklitepe may have been aligned according to certain celestial events. Some figures depict animals such as wild boar, lions, snakes and birds, which are thought to reflect the daily life and culture of hunter-gatherer societies. It is speculated that these figures were used as religious or mythological symbols. For example, snake figures are associated with themes such as rebirth or death. Furthermore, human figures are also found on some stones.

One of Göbeklitepe’s most striking features is that the purpose and meaning behind its construction remain largely unknown. However, scientists and archaeologists believe the structure may have served as a kind of religious centre. The temples held ritual significance for the hunter-gatherer societies of that era, and it is thought that the rituals performed here played a major social role. Other questions surrounding Göbeklitepe include why the site was abandoned and why it was subsequently covered with earth. Scientists have developed numerous theories as to why this area was abandoned. According to some theories, the people in the region abandoned this sacred site due to climate change or other reasons. Another theory suggests that the purpose of the temples had been fulfilled and that the people moved on to another location.

Göbeklitepe is of great importance not only from an archaeological perspective but also in terms of tourism. This historic site has become a unique attraction for both local and foreign tourists. In 2018, it was included on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Visitors to the site have the opportunity to see temples and stone structures dating back approximately 12,000 years. This makes it an indispensable destination for history enthusiasts and archaeology-loving travellers. When you visit Göbeklitepe, you will not only see the ancient structures but also have the chance to take part in local tourist activities.

Guided tours are organised at Göbeklitepe, providing in-depth information about the site’s historical and archaeological significance. Seeing the excavation sites and restoration work at Göbeklitepe will be an exciting experience for you. Thanks to the visitor centres and museums located right next to the site, you can learn about the archaeological finds and stone artefacts in the region. You can also purchase souvenirs at these museums. Şanlıurfa’s unique natural beauty and Göbeklitepe’s magnificent scenery offer a wonderful opportunity for photographers. Activities such as birdwatching and nature walks in the area are also popular.

Göbeklitepe is also a significant research area for the academic community. You can learn about the archaeological work taking place there and, even if you are not directly involved in the excavation process, you can attend educational sessions on the subject. Such educational programmes offer invaluable opportunities for students and professionals with an interest in history and archaeology. At Göbeklitepe, you can take part in local festivals, interact with the local community, or attend major international conferences and seminars. The growing importance of Göbeklitepe in terms of tourism brings with it a serious responsibility regarding the preservation of the natural and cultural heritage in that area. Every visitor should feel a sense of responsibility to contribute to the preservation of this historic site.

Today, ancient stone structures, walls and pillars continue to be uncovered at the excavation sites in Göbeklitepe. Furthermore, thanks to restoration work carried out in the region, the temples are being rebuilt to closely resemble their original form. Göbeklitepe, which harbours many mysteries, is almost like a laboratory shedding light on the unknowns of humanity’s earliest periods. Thanks to scientific research, new information about Göbeklitepe is being uncovered every day. This site helps us understand not only the ancient structures and stone carvings but also the belief systems of societies, the organisation of their social structures, and their cosmological understanding. For this reason, Göbeklitepe is a unique source for archaeological and scientific discoveries, and much more information will continue to emerge.